Pleural
Effusion
Pleural
Effusion
©
William Herring, MD, FACR
Pleural Fluid
Normal Physiology
Produced at parietal and resorbed at
visceral pleura
Amount depends on
Colloid osmotic pressure
Capillary pressure
Pleural Effusion
Types of
Subpulmonic
Free-flowing
Laminar
Loculated
Fissural (pseudotumor)
Pleural Effusion
General
Requires 250-300cc to be visible on
frontal film
Pleural Effusion
X-ray Appearance
Blunting of posterior costophrenic sulci
Blunting of lateral costophrenic sulci
Meniscus sign
Opacification of hemithorax
Fluid in the fissures
Bilateral pleural effusions with
meniscus signs
Large right effusion (red arrow) displaces
the heart to the left (yellow arrow)
Fluid in the major fissure
Subpulmonic
Effusion
Subpulmonic
Effusion
Subpulmonic Effusion
General
All pleural effusions begin subpulmonic
Between base of lung and hemidiaphragm
Requires less fluid to cause blunting of
posterior costophrenic angle
Than lateral CP angle
Subpulmonic Effusion
X-Ray Appearance
Displaces highest point of
“hemidiaphragm” laterally
Ski-slope appearance to effusion on
lateral at major fissure
Increased distance between stomach
bubble and air in base of left lung
Subpulmonic Effusion on right
This is not the actual
hemidiaphragm but fluid
in the pleural space
between the lung and the
right hemidiaphragm.
Laminar
Effusion
Laminar
Effusion
Laminar Effusion
General
Collection of fluid in the sub-pleural
space
Loose connective tissue beneath visceral
pleura
Sign of increased L atrial pressure or
lymphangitic spread
Laminar Effusion
X-Ray Appearance
Often thin white density paralleling
chest wall at CP angle
May extend far up lateral chest wall
before producing meniscus
Laminar Effusion
Hemothorax vs. Pleural Effusion
Hemothorax loculates early
2° fibrinous adhesions
Higher density measurements on CT for
blood
Loculated
Effusion
Loculated
Effusion
Loculated Pleural Effusion
General
Loculation occurs 2° pleural adhesions
Blood and empyema tend to loculate
Pre-existing pleural disease causes
loculation
Asbestosis
Loculated Pleural Effusion
X-ray Appearance
No change in position of effusion with
change in position of chest
Loculated Effusion
The End
The End